【定语从句语法讲解】定语从句是英语中用于修饰名词或代词的从句,它在句子中起到“定语”的作用,用来进一步说明先行词的性质、特征或范围。定语从句通常由关系代词(如 who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(如 when, where, why)引导。
一、定语从句的基本结构
一个完整的定语从句通常包括以下三个部分:
成分 | 说明 |
先行词 | 被修饰的名词或代词 |
关系词 | 引导定语从句的词(关系代词或关系副词) |
从句 | 对先行词进行描述的句子 |
例如:
The book (that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.
- 先行词:book
- 关系词:that
- 从句:I bought yesterday
二、关系代词和关系副词的用法对比
关系词 | 用法 | 举例 |
who | 指人,在从句中作主语 | The man who is talking to Mary is my teacher. |
whom | 指人,在从句中作宾语 | The girl whom you met is my sister. |
whose | 表示所属关系,指人或物 | The student whose essay won the prize is from Class 3. |
which | 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The car which is parked outside is mine. |
that | 指人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The man that I saw was a doctor. |
when | 表时间,在从句中作时间状语 | I still remember the day when we first met. |
where | 表地点,在从句中作地点状语 | This is the house where I grew up. |
why | 表原因,在从句中作原因状语 | That’s the reason why he left. |
三、定语从句的分类
类型 | 说明 | 例子 |
限制性定语从句 | 不可省略,对先行词起限定作用 | The woman who is wearing a red dress is my aunt. |
非限制性定语从句 | 可省略,对先行词进行补充说明 | My brother, who lives in Beijing, is coming to visit us. |
四、使用注意事项
1. 关系词不能省略的情况:
- 当关系词在从句中作宾语时,若先行词是人,可用 whom 或 who,也可省略;若先行词是物,则 which 不能省略。
- 例:The man (whom/who) I met is a doctor.
The book (which) I read was interesting.
2. that 与 which 的区别:
- 在非限制性定语从句中只能用 which,不能用 that。
- 例:My car, which is blue, is parked outside.
3. 关系词的选择:
- 根据先行词是人还是物来选择 who/whom/whose 或 which/that。
- 若从句中缺少的是主语或宾语,需根据句意判断。
五、总结表格
项目 | 内容 |
定义 | 修饰名词或代词的从句 |
结构 | 先行词 + 关系词 + 从句 |
关系词 | who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why |
分类 | 限制性 / 非限制性 |
注意事项 | 关系词不可随意省略;注意人/物的区别;非限制性从句不能用 that |
通过掌握定语从句的结构和用法,可以更准确地表达复杂的意思,使语言更加丰富和自然。建议多做练习,结合例句理解不同关系词的使用场景。